Learning Package 7 - Vaccinations

This learning package was created more than a year ago. Please check https://www.gov.sg/features/covid-19 for the latest updates on the COVID-19 situation in Singapore.

Photo credit: pixabay.com/photos/vaccination-doctor-syringe-medical-1215279/

The world is now racing to find a vaccine for COVID-19. However, what are vaccines and how do they help in preventing disease? This guide provides a range of interesting resources about vaccinations.

In 1796, English physician Edward Jenner inoculated a young boy, James Phipps, with cowpox (a mild and recoverable disease). He later found that young James had become completely immune to smallpox, an infectious and often deadly disease. Jenner termed this new procedure “vaccination”¹, derived from the Latin word vaccinia, meaning cowpox. Thus began the path towards the global eradication of smallpox, and a whole new branch of medicine.

As a field, vaccination has been well studied and the process of conception to testing and production is rigorously evaluated to ensure minimal risk to any patient being inoculated. Vaccines are constantly monitored for their safety. For many vaccines, the risk of an adverse allergic reaction is about one per million doses.² These odds are much less than getting struck by lightning or being involved in a plane crash. There are many benefits to vaccinations. Vaccines eliminate suffering from preventable diseases. Enough vaccinated individuals results in herd immunity, which prevents the spread of such illnesses by halting possible transmission routes, protecting those who are unable to be vaccinated, such as the elderly or immuno-compromised.

While there are many vaccines available in Singapore, certain vaccinations, such as ones against diphtheria and measles, are mandated by law. Immunisation for children, against diseases such as tuberculosis, began as early as the mid-1950s. The National Childhood Immunisation Schedule advises parents on the timeline for vaccinations for children from birth up to 11 years old.³ Several vaccines are also recommended for adults during different stages of their lives.⁴

To find out more about vaccinations, check out the resources below. Our next instalment will look at public health in Singapore.

Books/ Ebooks/ Audiobooks

1. Between hope and fear: A history of vaccines and human immunity

Kinch, M. (2018). Between hope and fear: A history of vaccines and human immunity. New York: Pegasus Books. Retrieved from OverDrive.(myLibrary ID is required to access this ebook.)

2. The speckled monster: A historical tale of battling smallpox

Carrell, J. L. (2004). The speckled monster: A historical tale of battling smallpox. New York, NY: Plume. Retrieved from OverDrive. (myLibrary ID is required to access this ebook.)

3. The vaccine race: Science, politics, and the human costs of defeating disease

Wadman, M. (2017). The vaccine race: Science, politics, and the human costs of defeating disease. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Retrieved from OverDrive. (myLibrary ID is required to access this ebook.)

4. An elegant defense: The extraordinary new science of the immune system: A tale in four lives

Richtel, M. (2019). An elegant defense: The extraordinary new science of the immune system: A tale in four lives. New York, NY: William Morrow. Retrieved from OverDrive. (myLibrary ID is required to access the eBook)

5. The demon under the microscope: From battlefield hospitals to Nazi labs, one doctor’s heroic search for the world’s first miracle drug

Hager, T. (2006). The demon under the microscope: From battlefield hospitals to Nazi labs, one doctor’s heroic search for the world’s first miracle drug. New York: Harmony Books. Retrieved from OverDrive. (myLibrary ID is required to access the eBook)

Videos and Podcasts

1. The quest for the coronavirus vaccine

Source: The quest for the coronavirus vaccine. TED. Retrieved 2020, April 2.

2. From smallpox to the coronavirus: The history of vaccinations explained

Source: From smallpox to the coronavirus: The history of vaccinations explained | NBC Nightly News. (2020, April 1). NBC News. Retrieved 2020, April 2.

3. How do vaccines work?

Source: How do vaccines work? – Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut. (2015, Jan 12). TED-Ed. Retrieved 2020, April 2.

Websites

1. Why a coronavirus vaccine takes over a year to produce – and why that is incredibly fast

Why a coronavirus vaccine takes over a year to produce – and why that is incredibly fast. (2020, April 3). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2020, April 17.

2. The power of vaccines: Still not fully utilized

The power of vaccines: Still not fully utilized. (2020). The World Health Organization. Retrieved 2020, April 17.

3. Edward Jenner and the history of the smallpox and vaccination

Riedel, S. (2005, January). Edward Jenner and the history of the smallpox and vaccination. Proceedings (Baylor University, Medical Center) 18(1), 21-25. Retrieved on 2020, April 2.

4. Making the vaccine decision: Common concerns

Making the vaccine decision: Common concerns | CDC. (2019, August 5). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved 2020, April 2.

5. MOH to introduce free vaccinations for Singaporean children at polyclinics and CHAS GP clinics

Baker, J.A. & Ang H.M. (2020, March 5). MOH to introduce free vaccinations for Singaporean children at polyclinics and CHAS GP clinics. CNA. Retrieved 2020, April 2.

6. Vaccinations: Immunisation boosters for adults

Vaccinations: Immunisation boosters for adults. (2019, October 11). HealthHub. Retrieved 2020, April 2.

Photo credit: Retrieved from pixabay.com/photos/ampoules-vaccination-vaccine-2045833/

If you would like to learn more vaccinations, check out these journal articles.

Journal Articles

1. Vaccine myths and misconceptions

Clift, K. & Rizzolo, D. (2014). Vaccine myths and misconceptions. Journal of the American Academy of PAs 27(8), 21-25. US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2020, April 2.

2. From empiricism to rational design: A personal perspective of the evolution of vaccine development

De Gregorio, E. & Rappouli, R. (2014). From empiricism to rational design: a personal perspective of the evolution of vaccine development. Nature Reviews. Immunology 14(7), 505-14. Retrieved 2020, April 3 from EBSCOhost via NLB’s eResources website. (myLibrary ID is required to access this article.)

3. The history of vaccines and immunization: Familiar patterns, new challenges

Stern, A.M. & Howard, M. (2005). The history of vaccines and immunization: Familiar patterns, new challenges. Health Affairs 24(3), 611-21. Retrieved 2020, April 3 from ProQuest via NLB’s eResources website. (myLibrary ID is required to access this article.)

4. Vaccine hesitancy: An interview with Stanley Plotkin, rubella vaccine developer

Mahase, E. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy: An interview with Stanley Plotkin, rubella vaccine developer. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online) 367. Retrieved 2020, April 3 from ProQuest via NLB’s eResources website. (myLibrary ID is required to access this article.)

5. Risk factor profiles and clinical outcomes for children and adults with pneumococcal infections in Singapore: A need to expand vaccination policy?

Martinez-Vega, R., Jauneikaite, E., Thoon, K.C., Chua, A.H., Khong, W.X., et al. (2019). Risk factor profiles and clinical outcomes for children and adults with pneumococcal infections in Singapore: A need to expand vaccination policy? PLoS ONE 14(10), 1-17. Retrieved 2020, April 3 from EBSCOhost via NLB’s eResources website. (myLibrary ID is required to access this article.)

Chinese, Malay and Tamil resources

1. 疫苗常见问题

联合国儿童基金会。疫苗常见问题。(n.d.). 联合国儿童基金会。 Retrieved 2020, April 1.

This page maintained by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) addresses common questions and concerns of parents about vaccines, such as their safety and whether it is necessary to vaccinate their child.

2. 消灭疾病，疫苗的发明与免疫反应

郑瑞洲。（2008年7月9日）。消灭疾病，疫苗的发明与免疫反应。科学大观园。 Retrieved 2020, April 2.

This article gives an overview of the history of vaccine development and principles behind how vaccines work.

3. Maklumat salah tular buatkan ramai tidak percaya faedah vaksin

Maklumat salah tular buatkan ramai tidak percaya faedah vaksin. (2019, June 29). Berita Mediacorp. National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved on 2020, March 31.

This article reports UNICEF’s social media campaign that was launched in April 2019 to raise public awareness that vaccines are safe and can save lives.

4. Bagaimana vaksin bekerja

Bagaimana vaksin bekerja. (2020). World Health Organization. Retrieved 2020, March 31.

This website explains how vaccines prevent the spread of diseases, which diseases are vaccine-preventable and the importance of immunisation programmes.

5. ஃப்ளூ தடுப்பூசி

ஃப்ளூ தடுப்பூசி. (2019/2020) Public Health England. Retrieved 2020, April 10.

This website explains how vaccines prevent the spread of diseases, which diseases are vaccine-preventable and the importance of immunisation programmes.

Disclaimer/ Rights statement
The information in this resource guide is valid as at April 2020 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history on the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic.
All Rights Reserved. National Library Board Singapore 2020.

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